Effect of Manganese Content on the as Cast Microstructure of Nodular ‎Cast Iron

Document Type : Original Research Article

Authors

1 MSc Student, in Materials Engineering, Faculty of Materials and Industrial Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Mazandaran, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Materials and Industrial Engineering Department, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology

3 M.SC.. in Materials Engineering, Design and Technology Center of Tabarestan Steel Foundry Company

10.22034/frj.2020.205051.1102

Abstract

In this research, the effect of manganese addition on the as cast microstructure of nodular ‎cast iron was investigated using experimental and simulation methods. For this purpose, ‎required cast sample with different manganese contents 0.5, 5, 11 and 17 wt.% were ‎produced in sand mold. The as cast microstructures were examined by optical microscopy ‎equipped by image analysis (MIP4 software) and hardness measurement. Then, using JMatPro ‎simulation software, the manganese segregation, the fraction, analysis and stability of the phase’s ‎at different temperature were predicted based on thermal analysis. The results showed that ‎the addition of manganese with 5, 11 and 17% weight percent has strongly affected the ‎solidification characterization, hardness, and morphology of graphite. A quantitative ‎evaluation of the graphite morphology showed that with increasing manganese content to ‎‎17 weight percent, the number of nodal counts and nodularity decrease 60 and 28 percent ‎respectively. The results of the JMatPro software showed that the M7C3 carbide is formed ‎alongside the ledeburitic composition. Also, the thermodynamically analysis of this software ‎revealed that manganese reduces the eutectic temperature and increases the solidification range.

Highlights

[1] Davis J.R., Mills K.M., Lampman S.R., Metals Handbook, Vol. 1: Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-performance Alloys, ASM International, Materials Park, Ohio 44073, USA, 1990.

[2] Hashmi S., Comprehensive Materials Finishing, Oxford, United Kingdom, 2016.

[3] Roula A., Kosnikov G.A., Manganese distribution and effect on graphite shape in advanced cast irons, Materials Letters, 2008, 62(23) 3796-3799.

[4] Silman G.I., Phase diagram of alloys of the Fe-C-Mn system and some structural effects in this system: Part 2. Calculation and construction of isothermal sections of the diagram, Metal Science and Heat Treatment, 2005, 47(3–4) 123–130.

[5] Nili Ahmadabadi M., Niyama E., Echigoya J., Transmission electron microscopy study of high-temperature bainitic transformation in 1 wt.%Mn ductile iron, Materials Science and Engineering A, 1995, 194 87-98.

[6] Owhadi A., et al., Microsegregation of manganese and silicon in high manganese ductile iron, Materials Science and Technology, 1997, 13(10) 813-817.

[7] Kong L., et al., The influence of manganese on kinetics of austenitization of the Fe-Mn-C ternary alloys, Mechanika, 2017, 23(2) 291-298.

[8] Pietrowski S., Gumienny G., Microsegregation in nodular cast iron with carbides, Archives of Foundry Engineering, 2012, 12(4) 127-134.

[9] Vasudevan S., et al., A study on the influence of manganese additions on austenitic ductile iron, British Foundryman, 1985, 78(5) 243-251.

[10] Rudnev V., Loveless D., Cook R. L., Handbook of Induction Heating, CRC Press, 2017.

[11] Campbell J., Castings Practice: The Ten Rules of Castings, Butterworth-Heinemann, Elsevier Science and Technology Books, 2004.

[12] Jiyang Z., Colour metallography of cast iron, China Foundry, 2011, 8(2) 239-246.

[13] Wolf G., Flender E., Sahm P R., Solidification behavior of technical metastable near-eutectic iron-carbon alloys (experimental and numerical simulation), Symposium– Physical Metallurgy of Cast Iron, 1984, 34, 241-249.

[14] Park J.S., Verhoeven J.D., Directional solidification of white cast iron, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 1996, 27A(8) 2328-2337.

[15] Vasudevan S., Raja V.S., Seshan S., Chattopadhyay K., Study of influence of manganese additions on electrochemical corrosion behaviour of austenitic spheroidal graphite iron, British Corrosion Journal, 1986, 21(2) 87-94.

[16] Torabi S.A., Amini K., Naseri M., Investigating the effect of manganese content on the properties of high manganese austenitic steels, Journal of Advanced Design and Manufacturing Technology, 2017, 10(1) 75-83.

[17] Randle V., Laird G., A microtexture study of eutectic carbides in white cast irons using electron back-scatter diffraction, Journal of Materials Science, 1993, 28(15) 4245–4249.

[18] Javahery M., Abbasi M., Simulation of casting process: case study on the gating and feeding design for outlet diaphragms of iron ore ball mill, Heat and Mass Transfer, 2019, 55(7) 1959–1967.

[19] Stefanescu D.M., Davis J.R., Destefani J.D., Metals Handbook, Vol. 15, Casting, ASM International, 1988.

[20] Chudasama B.J., Solidification analysis and optimization using Pro-cast, International Journal of Research in Modern Engineering and Emerging Technology, 2013, 1(4) 9-19.

[21] Kotas P., et al., Elimination of hot tears in steel castings by means of solidification pattern optimization, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 2012, 43(3) 609-626.

[22] Janus A., Stachowicz M., Thermodynamic stability of austenitic Ni-Mn-Cu cast iron, Metalurgija, 2014, 53(3) 353-356.

[23] مهدی‌فر م.، دیواندری م.، اثر دمای بارریزی بر گرافیت‌زایی مقاطع تولید شده به روش منیزیم در راهگاه توپر، پژوهشنامه ریخته‌گری، 1396، 1(1) 23-35.

[24] ESI Group, Procast user manual, (2009).

[25] Bhadeshia H.K.D.H., Cementite, International Materials Reviews, 2020, 65(1) 1-27.

[26] Fucheng Z., Tingquan L., A study of friction-induced martensitic transformation for austenitic manganese steel, Wear, Vol. 212, 1997, 195-198.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

[1] Davis J.R., Mills K.M., Lampman S.R., Metals Handbook, Vol. 1: Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-performance Alloys, ASM International, Materials Park, Ohio 44073, USA, 1990.
[2] Hashmi S., Comprehensive Materials Finishing, Oxford, United Kingdom, 2016.
[3] Roula A., Kosnikov G.A., Manganese distribution and effect on graphite shape in advanced cast irons, Materials Letters, 2008, 62(23) 3796-3799.
[4] Silman G.I., Phase diagram of alloys of the Fe-C-Mn system and some structural effects in this system: Part 2. Calculation and construction of isothermal sections of the diagram, Metal Science and Heat Treatment, 2005, 47(3–4) 123–130.
[5] Nili Ahmadabadi M., Niyama E., Echigoya J., Transmission electron microscopy study of high-temperature bainitic transformation in 1 wt.%Mn ductile iron, Materials Science and Engineering A, 1995, 194 87-98.
[6] Owhadi A., et al., Microsegregation of manganese and silicon in high manganese ductile iron, Materials Science and Technology, 1997, 13(10) 813-817.
[7] Kong L., et al., The influence of manganese on kinetics of austenitization of the Fe-Mn-C ternary alloys, Mechanika, 2017, 23(2) 291-298.
[8] Pietrowski S., Gumienny G., Microsegregation in nodular cast iron with carbides, Archives of Foundry Engineering, 2012, 12(4) 127-134.
[9] Vasudevan S., et al., A study on the influence of manganese additions on austenitic ductile iron, British Foundryman, 1985, 78(5) 243-251.
[10] Rudnev V., Loveless D., Cook R. L., Handbook of Induction Heating, CRC Press, 2017.
[11] Campbell J., Castings Practice: The Ten Rules of Castings, Butterworth-Heinemann, Elsevier Science and Technology Books, 2004.
[12] Jiyang Z., Colour metallography of cast iron, China Foundry, 2011, 8(2) 239-246.
[13] Wolf G., Flender E., Sahm P R., Solidification behavior of technical metastable near-eutectic iron-carbon alloys (experimental and numerical simulation), Symposium– Physical Metallurgy of Cast Iron, 1984, 34, 241-249.
[14] Park J.S., Verhoeven J.D., Directional solidification of white cast iron, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 1996, 27A(8) 2328-2337.
[15] Vasudevan S., Raja V.S., Seshan S., Chattopadhyay K., Study of influence of manganese additions on electrochemical corrosion behaviour of austenitic spheroidal graphite iron, British Corrosion Journal, 1986, 21(2) 87-94.
[16] Torabi S.A., Amini K., Naseri M., Investigating the effect of manganese content on the properties of high manganese austenitic steels, Journal of Advanced Design and Manufacturing Technology, 2017, 10(1) 75-83.
[17] Randle V., Laird G., A microtexture study of eutectic carbides in white cast irons using electron back-scatter diffraction, Journal of Materials Science, 1993, 28(15) 4245–4249.
[18] Javahery M., Abbasi M., Simulation of casting process: case study on the gating and feeding design for outlet diaphragms of iron ore ball mill, Heat and Mass Transfer, 2019, 55(7) 1959–1967.
[19] Stefanescu D.M., Davis J.R., Destefani J.D., Metals Handbook, Vol. 15, Casting, ASM International, 1988.
[20] Chudasama B.J., Solidification analysis and optimization using Pro-cast, International Journal of Research in Modern Engineering and Emerging Technology, 2013, 1(4) 9-19.
[21] Kotas P., et al., Elimination of hot tears in steel castings by means of solidification pattern optimization, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 2012, 43(3) 609-626.
[22] Janus A., Stachowicz M., Thermodynamic stability of austenitic Ni-Mn-Cu cast iron, Metalurgija, 2014, 53(3) 353-356.
[23] مهدی‌فر م.، دیواندری م.، اثر دمای بارریزی بر گرافیت‌زایی مقاطع تولید شده به روش منیزیم در راهگاه توپر، پژوهشنامه ریخته‌گری، 1396، 1(1) 23-35.
[24] ESI Group, Procast user manual, (2009).
[25] Bhadeshia H.K.D.H., Cementite, International Materials Reviews, 2020, 65(1) 1-27.
[26] Fucheng Z., Tingquan L., A study of friction-induced martensitic transformation for austenitic manganese steel, Wear, Vol. 212, 1997, 195-198.

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History

  • Receive Date: 13 October 2019
  • Revise Date: 14 November 2020
  • Accept Date: 01 December 2020

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